Our pipe systems and treatment plants are old and in need of replacement. Some of the equipment and materials are reaching 100 years old. The annual cost to repair broken pipes has reached $20 million.
Flare connections require that the end of a tubing section be spread outward in a bell shape using a flare tool. A flare nut then compresses this bell-shaped end onto a male fitting. Flare connections are a labor-intensive method of making connections, but are quite reliable over the course of many years.
Typically the pipe wall thickness is the controlled variable, and the Inside Diameter (I.D.) is allowed to vary. The pipe wall thickness has a variance of approximately 12.5 percent. There are two common methods for designating pipe outside diameter . The North American method is called NPS (“Nominal Pipe Size”) and is based on inches (also frequently referred to as NB (“Nominal Bore”)).
Using precast piping is a convenient way to speed up any construction project. Had the internet not come up, we would never have seen the emergence of platform business models. Unlike vaporizers bongs, platforms do not just create and push stuff out. At the technology layer, external developers can extend platform functionality using APIs. At the business layer,users can create value on the platform for other users to consume. This is a massive shift from any form of business we have ever known in our industrial hangover.
Mechanical tests may be associated to a lot of pipe, which would be all from the same heat and have been through the same heat treatment processes. The manufacturer performs these tests and reports the composition in a mill traceability report and the mechanical tests in a material test report, both of which are referred to by the acronym MTR. Material with these associated test reports is called traceable. For critical applications, third party verification of these tests may be required; in this case an independent lab will produce a certified material test report, and the material will be called certified. The manufacture and installation of pressure piping is tightly regulated by the ASME “B31″ code series such as B31.1 or B31.3 which have their basis in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code . Europe and the rest of the world has an equivalent system of codes.
The IPS number is the same as the NPS number, but the schedules were limited to Standard Wall , Extra Strong , and Double Extra Strong . Different definitions exist for XXS, however it is never the same as SCH 160. XXS is in fact thicker than SCH 160 for NPS 1/8″ to 6″ inclusive, whereas SCH 160 is thicker than XXS for NPS 8” and larger.