A broad variety of standardized pipe fittings are available; they are generally broken down into either a tee, an elbow, a branch, a reducer/enlarger, or a wye. The piping and plumbing fittings and valves articles discuss them further. Mechanical grooved couplings or Victaulic joints are also frequently used for frequent disassembly and assembly. Developed in the 1920s, these mechanical grooved couplings can operate up to 120 pounds per square inch working pressures and available in materials to match the pipe grade.
Another type of mechanical coupling is a flareless tube fitting (Major brands include Swagelok, Ham-Let, Parker); this type of compression fitting is typically used on small tubing under 2 inches in diameter. Copper plumbing tube for residential plumbing follows an entirely different size system in America, often called Copper Tube Size ; see domestic water vaporizers bongs system. Plastic tubing, such as PVC and CPVC, for plumbing applications also has different sizing standards. In North America and the UK, pressure piping is usually specified by Nominal Pipe Size and schedule . Pipe sizes are documented by a number of standards, including API 5L, ANSI/ASME B36.10M in the US, and BS 1600 and BS 1387 in the United Kingdom.
For pipe sizes less than NPS 14 inch , both methods give a nominal value for the OD that is rounded off and is not the same as the actual OD. For example, NPS 2 inch glass pipes and DN 50 are the same pipe, but the actual OD is 2.375 inches or 60.33 millimetres. The only way to obtain the actual OD is to look it up in a reference table.
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